Fundamental Attribution Error
Actions Reflect Character Not Situation
Behavior is often no more stable than the situations that shape it
Fundamental Attribution Error - Overview
The
fundamental attribution error is a cognitive bias
that assumes that a person's actions depend on what "kind of person" someone
is rather than on the social and environmental forces that may influence the
person.
The fundamental attribution error overemphasizes personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behaviour.
People who are influenced by this bias tend to regard other people as internally motivated and responsible for their behavior. So for example, they will tend to believe that other people do bad things because they are bad people. Situational factors that might have played a role are ignored.
An example of a fundamental attribution error [averted]
As
a fairly typical UK citizen my knowledge of the sex trade in the UK was
limited to what I read or saw in the media. I tended to think in terms of
the "high-end" escort girls pandering to the wealthy elite and motivated by
their very high earning potential or the other end of the spectrum, sad
and broken women who were drug users living in poverty in the run-down
areas of inner cities.
I
recall when I first starting working in S.E.Asia being totally
surprised at the number of "working girls" plying
their trade in the night clubs, bars and hotels of Singapore and other
cities in the region and and who appeared entirely "normal".
My friend who was inducting me into life as a new ex pat in S.E.Asia noted my surprise and advised me not to be too judgemental.
He said these women are not "whores", not "tarts"
and not to be referred to as "prostitutes", he said "they are just ordinary women
working to support their families back home in the Philippines or
Vietnam" and he said: "we refer to them as working girls".
Fast forward a few months and I recall being at a bar in a restaurant in Kuala Lumpur and being approached by a pleasant looking Vietnamese woman aged about 30. She spoke very good English, and of course after a while offered her services, which I declined, but I did suggest that she join me for dinner, that I would pay her a fee for her time if she we would agree to talk with me - which she did.
What followed was a humbling and moving experience listening to this girl's story - despite a university education and some success running her own business - a story of financial hardship and setbacks. "I never saw myself as a working girl" she said, "I used to judge them... but now I am one..."
She then went onto to tell me how she navigated the necessary adjustments, the emotional and psychological realignment, to be able to sleep with a different man every night for money.
"How was it the first time?" I asked her. "I went home afterwards and wept for hours " she said, "the following night it was the same... then after 5 nights I got used to it and didn't feel a thing, I just thought of the money...now I am just numb to it..."
Fast forward 10 years and hers is a story that I have heard in variations a number of times in S.E.Asia. This not a tale of immorality or greed, just a story of survival, and an attempt to provide for a young family and aged parents back in a home country - usually Vietnam or the Philippines.
My attribution error was averted!
Character Can Not Always be Used to Predict Behaviour
Traditional folk psychology supports the notion that character is consistent.
It runs along the lines of simply figure out someone’s character and you’ll know how to predict or explain everything about them.
But as social and political theorist
Jon Elster writes in his book "Explaining Social Behavior":
- Believing that a single action can "speak volumes" about someone’s character is a natural and tempting way to approach understanding others. But it is a fallacy.
- The reality is that we’re so often wrong when we think we know someone’s character and can use it to make predictions.
- Character, as a concept, is hard to pin down in any area, and the role of situational factors [usually unknown] can never be over estimated.
Fundamental Attribution Error - Why It Happens
So, why do we commit the Fundamental Attribution Error even when we should know situational factors might be at play?
Here are 3 reasons
[1] It takes too much mental effort
It takes effort to adjust your perception of somebody’s behaviour to be more in line with the situation they’re in. Given that we all have limited cognitive resources, and our brains like to take shortcuts - known as heuristics - this makes makes us vulnerable to a range of cognitive biases.
The counter to this is to ask ourselves:
- What is this person doing?
- What does this behavior imply about this person’s personality?
- What aspects of the situation might have contributed to this behavior?
It is the third step that takes the effort!
[2] We are in a good mood
Strange as it may seem, research has shown that we are more likely to commit the Fundamental Attribution Error when we’re in a good mood, compared to when we’re in a bad mood.
How is this? Apparently, being in a bad mood can make us more vigilant and systematic in our processing, which in turn causes us to pay closer attention and retain more information.
[3] We ignore the situation deliberately
Studies
have shown that people tend to think of immoral behavior as highly diagnostic
of immoral personality traits.
In other words, people think that somebody must be an immoral person in order for them to do something immoral.
By contrast, they don’t generally apply the same logic to moral behaviors—so, somebody who steals an old lady’s purse is assumed to be an evil person, but somebody who helps an old lady across the street isn’t necessarily assumed to be saint.
Steps To Counter - Fundamental Attribution Error
# Put yourself in the other person’s shoes
Exercise empathy. It’s easy to blame other people’s conduct on some permanent feature of their personality, especially when we view that feature negatively—but it’s hard to keep feeling that way once you imagine how you’d feel in their position.
# Build and develop your emotional
intelligence (EI)
Emotional intelligence includes empathy, as well as self-awareness, self-regulation, and other traits. It is defined by Daniel Goleman as:
"The capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships."
Resources:
Excellent and comprehensive article from Shane Parrish of Farnam St: The Fundamental Attribution Error: Why Predicting Behavior is so Hard
Return from "Fundamental Attribution Error" to: Cognitive Distortions
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