What Is Truth

How To Tell A Partial Truth From The Whole Truth?

What Is Truth?

How the truth and nothing but the truth is often not the whole truth.

Aunty Flo

My great aunty Flo broke her arm and died.

It is true that she broke her arm in 1923. It is also true that she died in 1949. But there is no cause and effect relationship between these 2 events. The only connection between these events is that they appear in the same sentence.

That is a simple illustration of how the acccurate and honest reporting of two truths is not the whole truth.

Britain's involvement in the slave trade

Now let's look at a more complex and current example.

[1] Great Britain was heavily involved in the slave trade in the 17th and 18th Centuries and British traders were responsible for the exporting of 3.2 million African slaves between 1660 and 1807.

[2] The industrial expansion of that period benefited from the profits from that trade and thus modern Britain is the direct beneficiary of this trade.

[3] The endemic and systemic anti-black racism in contemporary British society is the result of the "white supremacism" used to justify the enslavement of blacks in that period.

[4] White British people need to understand their racial colonisalist history, apologise for it, make reparation through a process of cultural decolonisation and in some situations via financial reparation.

This is a very brief summary of the truths and position of "Black Lives Matter", "Rhodes Must Fall" and many others who embrace and espouse the current historical revisionism we are experiencing in the UK at time of writing.

Before we go any further let me place on record that in my view slavery of any people anywhere, at any time from the past to the present is abhorrent and a crime against humanity. Similarly, racism in all its shapes and forms, and however prevalent in UK society or any other country or culture, is totally unacceptable.

The statements in points one and two above are facts and therefore true.

The extrapolations, and beliefs based on those extrapolations, expressed in points three and four above are opinions and do not reflect the whole truth.

It's beyond the scope of this article to provide detailed analysis of the history of British involvement in the slave trade, but suffice it to say that:

• Slavery has existed for thousands of years and has for the majority of that time been regarded as an acceptable practice.
• The enslavement of black Africans was a black on black crime.
  
• Black African slave traders supplied and thus provisioned the European involvement in the trade of exporting approximately 12.5 million African slaves.
• During the same historical period the enslavement and export of white Europeans was also a major trade under the Barbary pirates and it is estimated that 1 million to 1.25 millon whites were enslaved and exported.
  
• The Islamic slave trade is estimated to have exported 17 million black Africans over this period and until 1920.
• In  the context of world history, and specifically European history, Britain's involvement in slavery was neither unique nor extraordinary.
• Slavery was a trade and the motive was profit.
• Britain was the first European country to abolish slavery and campaigned and fought for over a hundred years to secure the abolition of slavery.
• Whilst Britain clearly benefited financially from the slave trade and it did fund industrial expansion, Britain incurred significant direct and indirect costs as a result of the its stance on the abolition of slavery: "in absolute terms the British 19th century costs of suppression were certainly bigger than the 18th century benefits" [Eltis pp.96,97]
  

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Orientation Note

This article does not attempt to define truth, prescribe beliefs, or assert philosophical authority.

Its purpose is to equip the reader with practical epistemic tools for navigating claims, uncertainty, and competing assertions in a world saturated with information and confidence.

Truth, in this context, is treated as something approached through testing, revision, and humility - not possessed or declared.

The aim here is not to tell you what to believe, but to strengthen your capacity to evaluate claims, question certainty, and decide responsibly for yourself.

What Is Truth And What Is A Partial Truth?

A partial truth is a fact that is true but is a fragment of the whole truth.

3 reasons why the whole truth is often not told

1. Laziness. We love to jump to conclusions and are hardwired to apply heuristics, make assumptions and misunderstand or ignore the difference between corelation and causation.
   
2. Access. We don't always have access to all the facts and thus we build a narrative that fits the known facts.
3. Belief. We construct a theory or a belief which over time becomes subject to confirmation bias and we neither see nor include information that does not support our position.

Why does all this matter?

One of the key themes of this site is about learning how to think effectively, and this matters because, over the long term, the outcomes that you experience throughout your life are determined by two critical factors:

1. How you respond to the events in your life.
2. How you respond to the influences that you are exposed to thoughout your life.

These influences include: your upbringing, the political environment you live in, popular culture, mainstream media, social media and the prevailing ideologies.

Many of the things that happen in your life are random and beyond your control.

• But, you can control how you choose to respond to these events -  it is a choice.

Many of the influences to which you are exposed fall into the category of partial truths masquerading as the whole truth. Obviously you can't control these influences.

• But, you can also control how you choose to respond to these influences - it is a choice.
• In order to be able to do this you need to have the mental tools and resources to be able to exercise good judgement.
  
• I have set out below a checklist to help you determine the true nature of the influences to which you are exposed.

The long term cumulative and compounding impact of your choices can have a major effect on your health, wealth and happiness.

What Is Truth - How To Tell A Partial Truth From The Whole Truth?

How do we establish what is truth? How do we know whether an idea, a theory or a belief [or in fact anything] that is presented as the truth really is the whole truth rather than a partial truth masquerading as the whole truth?

I have set out below a checklist which you can apply to see whether you are dealing with the whole known truth or a partial truth masquerading as the whole truth.

But first I want to set out the context and background to that checklist.

Please note: When I use the phrase "the whole truth" I am referring to "the whole known truth" at any particular point in time, which may superceded with future discoveries.

Karl Popper: The Line Between Science and Pseudoscience

The scientific philosopher Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994), was interested in the same problem and offered a solution. He was considering this in relation to science and what he referred to as "pseudo-science",  but the principles he outlined apply to our challenge and we can equate science as the whole truth and pseudo-science as partial truth.

In the early 20th century a number of new and exciting theories were all the rage and this was at the same time that Albert Einstein was setting out his theory of relativity.

He became concerned that Marxism and Freud and Adler's psychological theories did not meet the same standard of proof as Einstein's theory of relativity. In Popper's own words:

Popper's Line Of Demarcation

The justification for the theories of Marx, Freud and Adler were based on logical empiricism which can be summarised by saying that if we find enough supporting evidence for a theory that verifies it.

Popper compared and contrasted these theories against Einstein's Theory of Relativity, which made specific, verifiable predictions, giving the conditions under which the predictions could be shown false.

In other words, Einstein subjected his theory to scientific method, and as we now know:

Einstein’s predictions were proved to be true when tested.

One of Einstein’s crucial predictions was that light’s path would be bent by strong gravitational fields, and during an eclipse one would be able to measure the precise degree of curvature for light coming from stars located behind the solar disk.

Astronomers Arthur Eddington and Frank Dyson conducted a study of the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, which provided the key insight. The measured curvature more closely aligned with Einstein’s theory than the predictions of classic Newtonian gravity thus verifying the theory through attempts to falsify it.

What is truth? Popper's conclusions

• Popper concluded that the non-scientific theories [partial truth] were not testable in any legitimate way. 
• There was no possible objection that could be raised which would show the theory to be wrong.
• Popper also concluded that the line of demarcation between genuine science [the whole truth] and pseudo-science [partial truth] is testability.
• Testability means that you can make a future testable prediction which if it does not happen refutes or falsifies the theory and if it does happen it proves the theory to be the whole known truth.

Please note: I am well aware of the various criticisms of Popper's demarcation criteria in the field of science. But for purposes of establishing a working model for differentiating partial truth from the whole truth it stands until superceded by a better one!

Download this checklist

Further Reading:

Karl Popper: The Line Between Science and Pseudoscience

Confirmation Bias - Seeing What You Want To See

Why You Should Embrace Anomalies – The Value Of Disconfirming Evidence

The Failure Of Cancel Culture - It's Suppression Not Engagement

Reframing History - Deconstruction And Discussion Not Destruction

Return from "What Is Truth" to: Mental Models - Help You Think Effectively

Or to: Walking The Talk

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